Why I choose accounting as my major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why I choose accounting as my major - Essay Example Financial accounting is the reporting of the financial information about a particular organization or company to the external stakeholders or potential stakeholder that include, investors, suppliers and regulators, the report is mostly in the form of financial statements. Management accounting mostly focuses on measurement analyzing, and reporting of financial information for internal use in decision making by the management. Bookkeeping which is also done by accountants, is the process of recording all the financial transactions of an organization that will be used to provide summaries that are usually presented in final reports of most of these financial reports. Most of the time the processes of accounting are done by accounting organizations that are not usually part of an organization. They come in as external auditor to assess the efficiency with which a particular company is managing finances. One of the most basic motivations towards one undertaking a particular major in college is the interest and conformity with the requirements of that particular degree. In my case, accounting has been my major area of interest for the fact that it offers diverse opportunities to learn the business market and how it operates. At the same time, one has to ensure that he or she understands the basic requirement in terms of personal attributes for optimal performance. For instance, while working as an accountant, one has to be good at mathematics, detail oriented and organized. Most of the time, the workload given to an accountant is manageable and one can be able to meet the targets easily. However, as Bragg (34) affirms, it needs some degree of organization to enable one to carry on tasks within stipulated time and with maximum attention. Moreover, accounting deals with mathematics when coming up with the reports, therefore before one decides to take on the career, they have to be certain that they

Civil disobedience Essay Example for Free

Civil disobedience Essay In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay â€Å"Self Reliance† and Henry David Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† both transcendentalist thinkers speak about being individual and what reforms and changes need to be made in a conformist society. Thoreau elaborates more on the relationship between individuality and society and to break free from conformity. Meaning to take a stance and influence man to make a social change. Emerson leans more towards nature and the connection to spirituality. He exclaims that for individuality there has to be some sort of understanding of oneself to make an impact – which is the basic nature. He believes that man’s connection to nature is the most valuable source of life because nature is what links man to God, â€Å"the divine providence.† Both authors express the need for individuality in order to possess a strong moral and become whole through their transcendentalist ideals. In Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance,† social responsibility is important. The meaning behind this is that there is a time in man’s life when he will finally realize that he has a purpose, a destiny, and the responsibility to achieve goals as long as there is a tap into spiritual nature. Emerson states, â€Å"The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone,† which references the belief of individualism. Emerson notes that famous men and women are often misunderstood simply because of their opinion, ideas, and thoughts; however, this misunderstanding is why they are so respected. One large point in â€Å"Self Reliance† is that humans should not conform to society but to be independent in mind. Emerson stresses that one should connect with nature to maintain peace of mind and individual mentality. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau meets a man while serving time in prison who has been locked away for burning down a barn. Even so, Thoreau sees his cellmate as an honest man by simply trusting his own intuition. Furthermore, Thoreau writes, â€Å"The government is best which governs least,† in lines 2-3, which is based on the belief that people should not conform to society but stay independent and embrace their own beliefs, goals, values, and morals. Both â€Å"Self Reliance† and â€Å"Civil Disobedience† are relevant in modern society because they discourage conformity, which is a big problem in the world today. Humans tend to lean with the majority, but should be taught to stand their ground. Both essays also mention the government and the problems involved in it. Since they were written, government has not improved; it may have even worsened. Government is best when it governs least- that perspective should still be applied to today’s government. Now, the government tries to constantly control every aspect in everyone’s life, but like Thoreau states, it should allow its people to decide major issues.

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL A delay-tolerant network is anetworkdesigned to operate effectively over extreme distances such as those encountered in space communications or on an interplanetary scale. In such an environment, longlatency sometimes measured in hours or days is inevitable. The popularity of mobile consumer electronics, like laptop computers, PDAs, and more recently and prominently, smart phones, revives the delay-tolerant-network (DTN) model as an alternative to the traditional infrastructure model. The widespread adoption of these devices, coupled with strong economic incentives, induces a class of malware that specifically targets DTNs. We call this class of malware proximity malware. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the infrastructure model. In the infrastructure model, the cellular carrier centrally monitors networks for abnormalities moreover the resource scarcity of individual nodes limits the rate of malware propagation. A pr erequisite to defending against proximity malware is to detect it. In this paper, we consider a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware. Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. OBJECTIVE Network is the combination of Nodes. Each node will communicate with its neighbors and share their data. If a node is affected by a malware it’s necessary to clear it else its neighbors will communicate with it and they also affected by malware. Hence detection of malware is important. Here we discuss some methods for the detection of malware. EXISTING SYSTEM Previous researches quantify the threat of proximity malware attack and demonstrate the possibility of launching such an attack, which is confirmed by recent reports on hijacking hotel Wi-Fi hotspots for drive-by malware attack. With the adoption of new short-range communication technologies such as NFC and Wi-Fi Direct that facilitate spontaneous bulk data transfer between spatially proximate mobile devices, the threat of proximity malware is becoming more realistic and relevant than ever. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the model. EXISTING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES Central monitoring and resource limits are absent in the DTN model. Very risk to collecting evidence and also having insufficient evidence. It is filter the false evidence in sequentially and distributed. 1.3.2. LITERATURE SURVEY LITERATURE SURVEY Title:  An Optimal Distributed Malware Defense System for Mobile Networks with Heterogeneous Devices Author: Yong Li, Pan Hui Year: 2011 Description: Consider a mobile network where a portion of the nodes are infected by malware. Our research problem is to deploy an efficient defense system to help the infected nodes to recover and prevent the healthy nodes from further infection. Typically, we should disseminate the content-based signatures of known malware to as many nodes as possible. The signature is obtained by using algorithms such as an MD5 hash over the malware content, and they are used by the mobile devices to detect various patterns in the malware and then to disable further propagation. Therefore, distributing these signatures into the whole network while avoiding unnecessary redundancy is our optimization goal. Title: On Modeling Malware Propagation in Generalized Social Networks Author: Shin-Ming Cheng Year : 2011 Description: This article proposes a novel analytical model to efficiently analyze the speed and severity for spreading the hybrid malware such as Commwarrior that targets multimedia messaging service (MMS) and BT. Validation against conducted simulation experiments reveals that our model developed from the Susceptible-Infected (SI) model in epidemiology accurately Approximates mixed spreading behaviors in large areas without the huge computational cost, which helps estimate the damages caused by the hybrid malware and aids in the development of detection and containment processes. Title: Scalable, Behavior-Based Malware Clustering Author: Ulrich Bayer Year : 2009 Description: In this research, we propose a scalable clustering approach to identify and group malware samples that exhibit similar behavior. For this, we first perform dynamic analysis to obtain the execution traces of malware programs. These execution traces are then generalized into behavioral profiles, which characterize the activity of a program in more abstract terms. The profiles serve as input to an efficient clustering algorithm that allows us to handle sample sets that are an order of magnitude larger than previous approaches. We have applied our system to real-world malware collections. The results demonstrate that our technique is able to recognize and group malware programs that behave similarly, achieving a better precision than previous approaches. To underline the scalability of the system, we clustered a set of more than 75 thousand samples in less than three hours. Title: Self-Policing Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks by Reputation Systems Author: Sonja Buchegger Year : 2005 Description: Node misbehavior due to selfish or malicious reasons or faulty nodes can significantly degrade the performance of mobile ad-hoc networks. To cope with misbehavior in such self-organized networks, nodes need to be able to automatically adapt their strategy to changing levels of cooperation. Existing approaches such as economic incentives or secure routing by cryptography alleviate some of the problems, but not all. We describe the use of a self-policing mechanism based on reputation to enable mobile ad-hoc networks to keep functioning despite the presence of misbehaving nodes. The reputation system in all nodes makes them detect misbehavior locally by observation and use of second-hand information. Once a misbehaving node is detected it is automatically isolated from the network. We classify the features of such reputation systems and describe possible implementations of each of them. We explain in particular how it is possible to use second-hand information while mitigat ing contamination by spurious ratings. Title: The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks Author: Sepandar D. Kamvar, Mario T. Schlosser Year : 2003 Description: Peer-to-peer file-sharing networks are currently receiving much attention as a means of sharing and distributing information. However, as recent experience shows, the anonymous, open nature of these networks offers an almost ideal environment for the spread of Self-replicating inauthentic files. We describe an algorithm to decrease the number of downloads of inauthentic files in a peer-to-peer file-sharing network that assigns each peer a unique global trust value, based on the peer’s history of uploads. We present a distributed and secure method to compute global trust values, based on Power iteration. By having peers use these global trust values to choose the peers from whom they download, the network effectively identifies malicious peers and isolates them from the network. In simulations, this reputation system, called EigenTrust, has been shown to significantly decrease the number of inauthentic files on the network, even under a variety of conditions where malicious peers cooperate in an attempt to deliberately subvert the system. Title: When Gossip is Good: Distributed Probabilistic Inference for Detection of Slow Network Intrusions Author: Denver Dash, Branislav Kveton Year : 2006 Description: Intrusion attempts due to self-propagating code are becoming an increasingly urgent problem, in part due to the homogeneous makeup of the internet. Recent advances in anomaly based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have made use of the quickly spreading nature of these attacks to identify them with high sensitivity and at low false positive (FP) rates. However, slowly propagating attacks are much more difficult to detect because they are cloaked under the veil of normal network traffic, yet can be just as dangerous due to their exponential spread pattern. We extend the idea of using collaborative IDSs to corroborate the likelihood of attack by imbuing end hosts with probabilistic graphical models and using random messaging to gossip state among peer detectors. We show that such a system is able to boost a weak anomaly Detector D to detect an order-of-magnitude slower worm, at false positive rates less than a few per week, than would be possible using D alone at the end-host or on a network aggregation point. Title: A Preliminary Investigation of Worm Infections in a Bluetooth Environment Author: Jing Su, Kelvin K. W. Chan Year : 2006 Description: Over the past year, there have been several reports of malicious code exploiting vulnerabilities in the Bluetooth protocol. While the research community has started to investigate a diverse set of Bluetooth security issues, little is known about the feasibility and the propagation dynamics of a worm in a Bluetooth environment. This paper is an initial attempt to remedy this situation. We start by showing that the Bluetooth protocol design and implementation is large and complex. We gather traces and we use controlled experiments to investigate whether a large-scale Bluetooth worm outbreak is viable today. Our data shows that starting a Bluetooth worm infection is easy, once vulnerability is discovered. Finally, we use trace-drive simulations to examine the propagation dynamics of Bluetooth worms. We find that Bluetooth worms can infect a large population of vulnerable devices relatively quickly, in just a few days. Title: An adaptive anomaly detector for worm detection Author: John Mark Agosta, Carlos Diuk-Wasser Year : 2007 Description: We present an adaptive end-host anomaly detector where a supervised classifier trained as a traffic predictor is used to control a time-varying detection threshold. Training and testing it on real traffic traces collected from a number of end-hosts, we show our detector dominates an existing fixed threshold detector. This comparison is robust to the choice of off-the-shelf classifier employed, and to a variety of performance criteria: the predictor’s error rate, the reduction in the â€Å"threshold gap† and the ability to detect the simulated threat of incremental worm traffic added to the traces. This detector is intended as a part of a distributed worm detection system that infers system-wide threats from end-host detections, thereby avoiding the sensing and resource limitations of conventional centralized systems. The distributed system places a constraint on this end host detector to appear consistent over time and machine variability. Title: CPMC: An Efficient Proximity Malware Coping Scheme in Smartphone-based Mobile Networks Author: Feng Li, Yinying Yang Year : 2010 Description: Many emerging malware can utilize the proximity of devices to propagate in a distributed manner, thus remaining unobserved and making detections substantially more challenging. Different from existing malware coping schemes, which are either totally centralized or purely distributed, we propose a Community-based Proximity Malware Coping scheme, CPMC. CPMC utilizes the social community structure, which reflects a stable and controllable granularity of security, in smart phone-based mobile networks. The CPMC scheme integrates short-term coping components, which deal with individual malware and long-term evaluation components, which offer vulnerability evaluation towards individual nodes. A closeness-oriented delegation forwarding scheme combined with a community level quarantine method is proposed as the short-term coping components. These components contain a proximity malware by quickly propagating the signature of a detected malware into all communities while avoiding u nnecessary redundancy. PROPOSED SYSTEM Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes’ behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. We identify challenges for extending Bayesian malware detection to DTNs, and propose a simple yet effective method, look-ahead, to address the challenges. Furthermore, we propose two extensions to look-ahead, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, to address the challenge of â€Å"malicious nodes sharing false evidence†. PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES Real mobile network traces are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The proposed evidence consolidation strategies in minimizing the negative impact of liars on the shared evidence’s quality. It is used to identify the abnormal behaviors of infected nodes in the long-run. . CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1. GENERAL We analyze the problem of behavioral characterization of malware nodes in Delay Tolerant Network efficiently without affecting network performance. 2.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION Proximity malware is a malicious program that disrupts the host node’s normal function and has a chance of duplicating itself to other nodes during (opportunistic) contact opportunities between nodes in the DTN. When duplication occurs, the other node is infected with the malware. We present a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware, which captures the functional but imperfect nature in detecting proximity malware. Under the behavioral malware characterization, and with a simple cut-off malware containment strategy, we formulate the malware detection process as a distributed decision problem. We analyze the risk associated with the decision, and design a simple, yet effective, strategy, look-ahead, which naturally reflects individual nodes’ intrinsic risk inclinations against malware infection. We present two alternative techniques, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, that naturally extend look-ahead to consolidate evidence provided by others, w hile containing the negative effect of false evidence. A nice property of the proposed evidence consolidation methods is that the results will not worsen even if liars are the majority in the neighborhood 2.3. METHODOLOGIES Methodologies are the process of analyzing the principles or procedure for behavioral characterizing of node with two methods, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, for consolidating evidence provided by other nodes, while containing the negative impact of liars in delay tolerant network. 2.3.1. MODULES Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION Authentication If you are the new user going to consume the service then they have to register first by providing necessary details. After successful completion of sign up process, the user has to login into the application by providing username and exact password. The user has to provide exact username and password which was provided at the time of registration, if login success means it will take up to main page else it will remain in the login page itself.. Network Nodes Under this module, the network nodes which are interconnected by local area network, that node ip address will be fetched in order to share the resources among the network. As well as the performance of individual system have been analyzed to assess the behavior Malware Detection Malware detection module helps to identify the evil node which is affected by malware program Evidence Analysis This module used to investigate about evidences of nodes by collecting assessments before a normal node get affected by malware program. Evidence aging process helps to discard outdated assessments of a node and evidence consolidation helps to filter negative assessments of a node provided by the other nodes. Evil Node Revocation After detection of evil node, we need to drop the communication with that in order to prevent from malware spreading and the evil node details are transferred to database for further reference. Finally evil node gets revoked from the network computer list. 2.3.3. MODULE DIAGRAM: Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.4. GIVEN INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT AUTHENTICATION Input: Give username and password Output: Allow to your personal details NETWORK NODES Input: Connect to network Output: Communicate between client server MALWAER DETECTION Input: Transfer your file to another node Output: Identifying malicious node EVIDENCE ANALYSES Input: Communicate with other node before affect by malware node then collect evidences Output: Showing all evidence analysis report EVIL NODE REVOCATION Input: Communication with malware node till collect full evidences Output: Malware node has been removed 2.4. TECHNIQUE USED Dogmatic filtering Dogmatic filtering is based on the observation that one’s own assessments are truthful and therefore, can be used to bootstrap the evidence consolidation process. A node shall only accept evidence that will not sway its current opinion too much. We call this observation the dogmatic principle. Adaptive look-ahead Adaptive look ahead takes a different approach towards evidence consolidation. Instead of deciding whether to use the evidence provided by others directly in the cut-off decision, adaptive look ahead indirectly uses the evidence by adapting the steps to look ahead to the diversity of opinion.

Foucault and the Theories of Power and Identity Essay example -- Fouca

Foucault and the Theories of Power and Identity Foucault believed that power is never in any one person?s hands, it does not show itself in any obvious manner but rather as something that works its way into our imaginations and serves to constrain how we act. For example in the setting of a workplace the power does not pass from the top down; instead it circulates through their organizational practices. Such practices act like a grid, provoking and inciting certain courses of action and denying others. Foucault considers this as no straightforward matter and believes that it rests on how far individuals interpret what is being laid down as 'obvious' or 'self evident', institutional power works best when all parties accept it willingly. Foucault's notion of power is a difficult notion to grasp principally because it is never entirely clear on who has the power in the first place, once the idea is removed that power must be vested in someone at the top of the ladder e.g. the company director, it becomes much more difficult to ident ify what power is or where and whom it lies with. Foucault believes that we are so used to thinking about power as an identifiable and overt force and that this view is simply not the case, because it is taken for granted that the above statement is true then it is much more complicated to comprehend power as a guiding force that does not show itself in an obvious manner. According to Foucault we take it upon ourselves to regulate our own conduct, even though we are free to do and say as we please we choose to constrain our behaviour and the reason for us doing so it that we know what is expected of us, we do not need someone in a position of ?authority? to do this for us, we all take responsibility for our own lives. It is in this sense that power works as an anonymous force, provoking free agents to act in ways that make it difficult for them to do otherwise. Foucault?s theory of power ?revolves around indirect techniques of self-regulation which induce appropriate forms of behaviour.?1, we are free to govern ourselves. In the absence of an authority figure we will automatically restrain our behaviour, there is no ?hand? of power that pushes us all into line, only an acknowledgement that we all work within a framework of choices, that are ultimately subjected to influence and direction, but that we ourselves have the fina... ...ogist Kathy Woodward, she also points out that our identity would need to change depending on whom it is we were interacting with and the situation that we were in, ?subtle and not so subtle variations of identity may well be called upon for each of these roles.?8 Butler describes modern notions of identity as ?being made up of regulatory ideals?9, these regulatory ideals provide ?idealised and reified norms which people are expected to live up to.?10 These types of regulatory ideals are sustained or undermined through performance. Performativity is not a singular act, ?it is always the reiteration of a norm or a set of norms, and to the extent that it acquires an act like status in the present, it conceals or dissimulates the conventions of which it is a repitition.?11It is through this repeated action that that these norms are created and lived up to. This idea can also be related to discourse; Butler argues that performative acts are statements that also produce that which they say. Discourse promotes specific kinds of power relations, in other words to know is to participate in complicated webs of power. Thus perfomative acts are a domain in which discourse acts as power.

Search and Seizure

Abstract â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Hudson, 2010, p. 363). In this essay we will explore what is reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. A discussion of consensual encounters vs. etentions concerning search and seizure, we will also discus important cases that shape the fundamentals procedures of search and seizure. According to Rutledge (2010) p. 109, reasonableness may have up four factors to consider: Justification, scope, place, and manner of execution. He also makes a valid point to state that even if an officer were to have the first three factors, justification, scope, and place the fourth is the most important because it could invalidate the search and seizur e if its not done properly.A justifiable search could have many factors that would allow an officer to conduct a proper search or make a lawful detention and stops. One of them is a search warrant, which carries a limited authority to detain persons present and also search the property detailed on the warrant. Another is a criminal profile; an example would be of a drug dealer that would fit the physical description given to the officer. Anonymous tip, multiple informant’s, an example is like two or more persons able to identify someone that has committed a crime, and of course police observation.However if the officer sees something suspicious he/she has to articulate why such person has broken the law and given him/her probable cause to do a warrantless search or detention on such said person. Scope falls in the actual process of the search, meaning that you could only reasonably search with in the search area, an example that my teacher Mr. Enos discussed in class, was if your searching for alcohol in a vehicle then you could only search were alcohol could be reasonably hidden inside a car.Place refers to a public or private area, an example is you could search the immediate area of a public place like a park, but you can’t search someone’s back yard without a warrant. Lastly the Manner of Execution, which refers too the manner in which the officer caries out the search and his/her understanding of the individuals rights, and example would be that you could do a weapon pat down, which is literally just a pat down of the individuals clothe and don’t actually searching pockets and such.Also it helps the officer to diffuse the situation if the officer was to ask not demand and example would be â€Å"could I pat you down for my own protection? † (Rutledge 2010, p. 111). Consensual encounters are when an individual has agreed to talk to an officer on his/her own free will; such said person can at any time terminate the conversa tion and leave. An officer is able to lawfully approach anyone in a public setting and engage in a conversation. Also Rutledge advises that an officer can knock on the front door of a suspect to attempt a consensual encounter with the suspect, he can also approach a park vehicle to do the same (p. 110).Also its ok to shine a flash light on someone and ask to talk and the reason being I believe is for the safety of the officer and the communities, its reasonable I think to want to know who is lurking in the dark. Also its reasonable that its consensual when you ask people certain things like, for identification, and show of hands, because its for the safety of the officer and also to expedite the situation along. The definition of Detention according to Rutledge is â€Å" A detention occurs when a person submits to something the officer says or does that would communicate to a reasonable person that he/she is no longer free to leave† (2010 p. 10). However that’s only tr ue when you have a probable cause or reasonable suspicion for such an action. The use of hunches or suspicions with any grounds is not justifiable, also if a person is hanging out in a high crime area you cant just detain them for that, also random car stops for drivers license’s check is unjustifiable, you could do sobriety checkpoints lawfully and also witness checkpoints, that’s when there is a brief stop to pass out flyers to find a suspect/felon or to seek a witness out for a nearby crime (p112).Some of the Cases I thought were interesting and that help shape the methods of Search and Seizure were California vs. Greenwood, Katz vs. U. S, and Whren vs. U. S. California vs. Greenwood was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the premise of a home. What happen in this case was that an investigator had various sources saying that Mr.Greenwood sold illegal drugs out of his home. So the investigator asked the trash collector if he could bring the trash to her, and sure enough there was drug paraphernalia in the trash bags (Wikipidia). In the case of Katz vs. U. S. the issue was a warrantless search and seizure in a violation of the fourth amendment? The situation was as followed Katz used a certain phone booth for interstate bookmaking and those conversations were being tape by some agents and those tapes were used to convict Katz of federal crimes.However Katz contended that the interception of his phone calls were in violation of his fourth amendment rights, and the courts a greed and reverse Katz’s conviction stating that the search had not being pre-approve by the judge and was warrantless therefore illegal (Rutledge p. 158). In the case of Whren vs. US the issue is can a traffic stop be used as a pretext to stop a vehicle for investigative purpose? (Rutledge p. 167). Under cover narcotics officers saw a vehicle make two traffic violations and made stop to issue a warning when they spotted Mr.Whren with crack cocaine in his hands. Whren was arrested and prosecuted, but he fought, saying that the traffic stop was an excuse to make a narcotic investigation. However the court ruled in favor of the officer that they did have the right to the arrest because it did not violate the Fourth Amendment (Rutledge p. 168). In conclusion I have cover several topics in which Search and Seizure have being explain. Such has what is a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and what is a consensual encounter and what is a detention.Also I have covered a couple of cases that have help shape the methods of search and seizures. REFERENCE Hudson, David L. , (2010) THE HANDY LAW ANSWER BOOK, pg. 363, Visible Ink Press Rutledge, Devallis, (2010 by LawTech Publishing) Californias Peace Officers’ Legal and Search & Seizure Field Sourceguide, pg. 109-112, 158, 167-168. Retrieved May12, 2010 http://supreme. justia. com/us/486/35/case. html California vs. Greenwood,486 (paragraph1-2) Search and Seizure Abstract â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Hudson, 2010, p. 363). In this essay we will explore what is reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. A discussion of consensual encounters vs. etentions concerning search and seizure, we will also discus important cases that shape the fundamentals procedures of search and seizure. According to Rutledge (2010) p. 109, reasonableness may have up four factors to consider: Justification, scope, place, and manner of execution. He also makes a valid point to state that even if an officer were to have the first three factors, justification, scope, and place the fourth is the most important because it could invalidate the search and seizur e if its not done properly.A justifiable search could have many factors that would allow an officer to conduct a proper search or make a lawful detention and stops. One of them is a search warrant, which carries a limited authority to detain persons present and also search the property detailed on the warrant. Another is a criminal profile; an example would be of a drug dealer that would fit the physical description given to the officer. Anonymous tip, multiple informant’s, an example is like two or more persons able to identify someone that has committed a crime, and of course police observation.However if the officer sees something suspicious he/she has to articulate why such person has broken the law and given him/her probable cause to do a warrantless search or detention on such said person. Scope falls in the actual process of the search, meaning that you could only reasonably search with in the search area, an example that my teacher Mr. Enos discussed in class, was if your searching for alcohol in a vehicle then you could only search were alcohol could be reasonably hidden inside a car.Place refers to a public or private area, an example is you could search the immediate area of a public place like a park, but you can’t search someone’s back yard without a warrant. Lastly the Manner of Execution, which refers too the manner in which the officer caries out the search and his/her understanding of the individuals rights, and example would be that you could do a weapon pat down, which is literally just a pat down of the individuals clothe and don’t actually searching pockets and such.Also it helps the officer to diffuse the situation if the officer was to ask not demand and example would be â€Å"could I pat you down for my own protection? † (Rutledge 2010, p. 111). Consensual encounters are when an individual has agreed to talk to an officer on his/her own free will; such said person can at any time terminate the conversa tion and leave. An officer is able to lawfully approach anyone in a public setting and engage in a conversation. Also Rutledge advises that an officer can knock on the front door of a suspect to attempt a consensual encounter with the suspect, he can also approach a park vehicle to do the same (p. 110).Also its ok to shine a flash light on someone and ask to talk and the reason being I believe is for the safety of the officer and the communities, its reasonable I think to want to know who is lurking in the dark. Also its reasonable that its consensual when you ask people certain things like, for identification, and show of hands, because its for the safety of the officer and also to expedite the situation along. The definition of Detention according to Rutledge is â€Å" A detention occurs when a person submits to something the officer says or does that would communicate to a reasonable person that he/she is no longer free to leave† (2010 p. 10). However that’s only tr ue when you have a probable cause or reasonable suspicion for such an action. The use of hunches or suspicions with any grounds is not justifiable, also if a person is hanging out in a high crime area you cant just detain them for that, also random car stops for drivers license’s check is unjustifiable, you could do sobriety checkpoints lawfully and also witness checkpoints, that’s when there is a brief stop to pass out flyers to find a suspect/felon or to seek a witness out for a nearby crime (p112).Some of the Cases I thought were interesting and that help shape the methods of Search and Seizure were California vs. Greenwood, Katz vs. U. S, and Whren vs. U. S. California vs. Greenwood was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the premise of a home. What happen in this case was that an investigator had various sources saying that Mr.Greenwood sold illegal drugs out of his home. So the investigator asked the trash collector if he could bring the trash to her, and sure enough there was drug paraphernalia in the trash bags (Wikipidia). In the case of Katz vs. U. S. the issue was a warrantless search and seizure in a violation of the fourth amendment? The situation was as followed Katz used a certain phone booth for interstate bookmaking and those conversations were being tape by some agents and those tapes were used to convict Katz of federal crimes.However Katz contended that the interception of his phone calls were in violation of his fourth amendment rights, and the courts a greed and reverse Katz’s conviction stating that the search had not being pre-approve by the judge and was warrantless therefore illegal (Rutledge p. 158). In the case of Whren vs. US the issue is can a traffic stop be used as a pretext to stop a vehicle for investigative purpose? (Rutledge p. 167). Under cover narcotics officers saw a vehicle make two traffic violations and made stop to issue a warning when they spotted Mr.Whren with crack cocaine in his hands. Whren was arrested and prosecuted, but he fought, saying that the traffic stop was an excuse to make a narcotic investigation. However the court ruled in favor of the officer that they did have the right to the arrest because it did not violate the Fourth Amendment (Rutledge p. 168). In conclusion I have cover several topics in which Search and Seizure have being explain. Such has what is a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and what is a consensual encounter and what is a detention.Also I have covered a couple of cases that have help shape the methods of search and seizures. REFERENCE Hudson, David L. , (2010) THE HANDY LAW ANSWER BOOK, pg. 363, Visible Ink Press Rutledge, Devallis, (2010 by LawTech Publishing) Californias Peace Officers’ Legal and Search & Seizure Field Sourceguide, pg. 109-112, 158, 167-168. Retrieved May12, 2010 http://supreme. justia. com/us/486/35/case. html California vs. Greenwood,486 (paragraph1-2)

Professional Nursing Example

Professional Nursing Example Professional Nursing – Coursework Example IPCP and QSEN Competencies. IPCP and QSEN competencies Nursing practice and health care leadership have been for a long time driven by a complex system of economics, technology, regulations and multimodal organizations (Turkel, 2000). There is a need to balance these economic realities with the principles of caring science, nursing cultures, and healthcare organization. The organization has to improve on some of its leadership and caring styles to promote its effectiveness. A BSN –prepared course to help nurses internalize some of the competencies as described in the Quality and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN) and IPCP. Some of the QSEN competencies include; patient-oriented care, practicing teamwork and collaboration, ensuring safety, providing quality informatics and leading an evidence-based practice all the time. With all these competencies in practice, the BSN nurse leaders would be able to strengthen relationships and promote self-organization by communicating to the other nurses through team work and unifying framework of caring science. Explaining to the other patients that the provision of a patient-oriented care gives the nurses an opportunity to express their caring attributes to patients. The communication also improves the relationship between nurses and patients and between nurses themselves. Through round walks, they are able to exchange feelings and thoughts and encouraging the patients, which promotes caring and complexity principles. The impacts would be that the practice of evidence-based care and having quality information is a great boost the organizational integrity. This will improve the trust of the patients and create a serene environment for the nurses to work. A good health provider is always a need of any community, and that can only be achieved through the quality of services. Safety for both the nurses and patients is a fundamental attribute which any organization should maintain at any given time and should be guarded n o matter the cost of all team players in an organization. I have seen the competencies being followed in a clinical setting and I would be able to influence the process through encouraging other nurses to follow and implement these competencies in the course of their jobs, be an example for using these competencies, and guiding new nurses in adhering to these competencies. Making it my duty to train new nurses on ways to incorporate these competencies in practice and developing a framework for all the nurses to follow these competencies in job performance are the other ways I can make an influence on the process. In conclusion, implementation of these competencies would go a long way in improving the service delivery in hospitals and improving the organization’s economic standards.ReferenceKingston, M.B. & Turkel, M.B. (2011). Caring science and complexity science guiding the practice of hospital and nursing administrative practice. In A. Davidson, M. Ray, & M. Turkel (Eds.). Nursing, caring, and complexity science (169-185). New York: Springer Publishing Company

Essay on Six Trig Functions

Essay on Six Trig Functions Essay on Six Trig Functions THE SIX TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS BY: Chambria Rogers & Marc TRIGONMETRIC RATIO The six trigonometric functions are traditionally defined in terms of the six ratios of the sides of a right triangle. This approach is valid for positive angles of measure smaller than 90∘. Consider a right triangle ââ€" ³ABC with the angle C being the 90∘ angle. There are six functions that are the core of trigonometry. There are three primary ones that you need to understand completely: Sine (sin) Cosine (cos) Tangent (tan) The other three are not used as often and can be derived from the three primary functions. Because they can easily be derived, calculators and spreadsheets do not usually have them. Secant (sec) Cosecant (csc) Cotangent (cot) Sine (SIN) FUNCTION The law of sines for plane triangles was known to Ptolemy and by the tenth century Abu'l Wefa had clearly expounded the spherical law of sines. It seems that the term "law of sines" was applied sometime near 1850 In a right triangle, the sine of an angle is the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The sine function has a number of properties that result from it being periodic and odd. The Law of Sines relates various sides and angles of an arbitrary (not necessarily right) triangle: sin(A)/a = sin(B)/b = sin(C)/c = 2r. where A, B, and C are the angles opposite sides a, b, and c respectively. Furthermore, r is the radius of the circle circumscribed in that triangle. COSINE In a right triangle, the cosine of an angle is: The length of the adjacent side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The law of cosines is best thought of as an extension of the Pythagorean Theorem, with a term that adjusts if the included angle is not a right angle. The usual statement of the theorem is descibed in terms of sides a, b, and c; and opposite angles A, B, and C. The usual expression is c2=a2+b2-2abCos(C). The theorem is cyclic about any of the three sides and so it can also be expressed in the alternate forms a2=b2+c2-2bcCos(A) and b2=a2+c2-2acCos(B). Since the cosine of a right angle is zero, each of the equations reduces to the usual form of the Pythagorean Theorem when the associated angle is 90o. TANGENT statement about the relationship between the tangents of two angles of a triangle and the

Free Essays on The White Mans Infuluence on the Indian Lifestyle

The Indian lifestyle was undoubtedly influenced and almost controlled by white men after the founding of the New World. White Men over powered Indian tribes and pushed them out of their sacred homeland in order for them to establish a new land of opportunity. The expansion of white settlements not only pushed Indians out of their original homes, the expansion continued to the extent that it created a downward spiral of Indian culture. This downward spiral was also affected by the white men’s desire to philosophically change the religious ideas of the Indians. Initially, expansion and American outlooks caused great conflict in the interactions of white men and Indians due to both sides uncanny inability to see the other side of an issue. Both the Black Robe and Tecumseh portrayed the vast differences of ideals and culture between the Euro-Americans and Indians and how it related to their ability to interact. Much of the conflict with the white men in Tecumseh was related to home land, hunting land, and trade issues. As Indians accepted the fact that America was now becoming an established nation, they did not accept the fact that white settlers were beginning to move into their designated areas. The Indians gave ground and backed off in order not to cause a disturbance, but were continually pushed out of the lands promised to them by the American government. The pollution of white people on their land caused more than just a stir over home lands; it also affected the quality of hunting on the Indians land. With more people on and around the land, there were more people to feed; naturally the Indian’s land was over hunted causing a major problem, especially for the Indians ability to provide food for their families. This especially infuriated the Indian’s because the white men were not supposed to be hunting on their given property. Finally, much of the reason for Euro- American and Indian interaction was due to the great ... Free Essays on The White Mans Infuluence on the Indian Lifestyle Free Essays on The White Mans Infuluence on the Indian Lifestyle The Indian lifestyle was undoubtedly influenced and almost controlled by white men after the founding of the New World. White Men over powered Indian tribes and pushed them out of their sacred homeland in order for them to establish a new land of opportunity. The expansion of white settlements not only pushed Indians out of their original homes, the expansion continued to the extent that it created a downward spiral of Indian culture. This downward spiral was also affected by the white men’s desire to philosophically change the religious ideas of the Indians. Initially, expansion and American outlooks caused great conflict in the interactions of white men and Indians due to both sides uncanny inability to see the other side of an issue. Both the Black Robe and Tecumseh portrayed the vast differences of ideals and culture between the Euro-Americans and Indians and how it related to their ability to interact. Much of the conflict with the white men in Tecumseh was related to home land, hunting land, and trade issues. As Indians accepted the fact that America was now becoming an established nation, they did not accept the fact that white settlers were beginning to move into their designated areas. The Indians gave ground and backed off in order not to cause a disturbance, but were continually pushed out of the lands promised to them by the American government. The pollution of white people on their land caused more than just a stir over home lands; it also affected the quality of hunting on the Indians land. With more people on and around the land, there were more people to feed; naturally the Indian’s land was over hunted causing a major problem, especially for the Indians ability to provide food for their families. This especially infuriated the Indian’s because the white men were not supposed to be hunting on their given property. Finally, much of the reason for Euro- American and Indian interaction was due to the great ...

Accounting theory in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting theory in Australia - Essay Example My reflection is based upon Watt and Zimmerman's contention that the managers of a firm will attempt to utilise methodologies to avoid taxes and dividendsIn this vein I waspreoccupied reflecting upon and reading on the Enron disaster and how numbers can not be seen as neutral and unbiasedTaking this course changed my perceptions about the very pith and substance of how I would ever perceive numbers.After taking this course I realised that numbers like words and conduct and can be just as easily manipulated by the human mind.Therefore they will be seldom neutral and unbiased.One of the most revealing moments were when I was able to see that even share valuation will be subject to novel accounting methodologies.For example I was able to see that in valuation of shares there would likely be an involvement of a lot of paper work in accounting terms in order to adjust the Capital Gains Tax valuations for rebasing and indexation purposes ,assess Inheritance Tax on shares and also assess th e situation now with employee share schemes.It was seen that there might be a biased view of accounting when the share valuation will have to account for It was seen many times that by choosing certain accounting techniques it would be possible to see a certain bias emerging.For example while using the Asset based approach it was seen to ignore factors like Industry prospects ,Management quality / stability ,Growth potential ,Competitive bidding and the alternative opportunities for the company being valued for tax purposed to avoid paying large amounts of tax money to the Inland Revenue .Infact it was possible to see a conflict of views here where as many times what seemed like creative accounting reminded me of biased accounting .It was learnt that the process of attempting to bias accounts is often referred to as 'creative accounting'. which often attacked for not being neutral and ethical as some techniques can cause bias: 1. Revenue may be recorded too early. In particular revenue from sales may be recorded in the accounts before the sale is agreed. 2. Bogus revenues may be recorded. For example refunds from suppliers might be recorded as revenues. 3. Profits from recurring business may be artificially boosted by the inclusion of one-off gains. Also losses from recurring business might be described as non-recurring. 4. Current expenses could be allocated to a later period. This could take the form of depreciating or amortizing too slowly. 5. Future expenses may be shifted to a current period. For example depreciation or amortization may be too rapid. 6. There may be a failure to record all liabilities. 7. Current income may be allocated to a later period. 8. Unrealistic valuations might be given to inventories. 9. Unrealistic bad debt provisions could be made. 10. Items may be held 'off-balance sheet'. Infact it is worth mentioning the hazards of careless accounting as learnt from the Enron Saga. For the purposes of accounting practices the most important thing to analyse is that who exactly in the accountancy/auditing profession should have taken responsibility for the shortcomings in the accounting records .These accountants were clearly abusing their authorities as watchdogs for shoddy practices and instead they perpetrated fraud on the investors.. The Statement of Accounting Standards 100 clearly allocates responsibility to auditors in the matter of financial statements 'the responsibility for the preparation of the financial statements is that of the directors of the entity'. In this vein I learnt that accounting is a profession requiring much responsibility.The should be able to scrutinise and guard any financial wrong doing on behalf of the directors with regard to Auditing and Accounting Standards. It is evident from the events leading up to Enron

Giving back Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giving back - Scholarship Essay Example However, attending to a reputed RN school is not as simple like that. The overall cost of registered nursing education is expensive and one has to be financially prepared prior to entering the nursing profession. In line with this, I believe that the Frank Lanza Scholarship thru Phi Theta Kappa will help me successfully complete my nursing program. I learned that the Frank Lanza Memorial Scholarship recognize students’ outstanding academic and leadership accomplishments whom are currently enrolled in regionally accredited community college programs in registered nursing but in need of financial assistance (Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society, n.p.). Through disbursements of $ 2,500 to each successful applicant of scholarship, my financial problems for completing the registered nursing program would be resolved as the financial aid from the Frank Lanza Memorial Scholarship will help me pay for education fees. In addition, I could focus on achieving academic excellence because of alleviation of problems in studying. After completion of the RN nursing program, I plan to give back by serving my community and by taking an active role to help other students like me who have passion for academic excellence and nursing but are hindered by financial reasons. As a nurse, I could serve my community using the two most important powerful tools in maintaining optimum level of health: education and caring. With the knowledge that I gained upon completion of the nursing program, I could help my community through health education or disseminating information about prevention of diseases and promotion of health and caring for the sick, disabled, and those who are oppressed in the community. Teaching my community on how to be healthy and caring for them are ways on how I can give back to the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society as a healthy community is also a productive community fostering growth and development. Likewise, I intend to give back to the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society

The Hunger Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hunger Games - Essay Example The young characters have been depicted as heroes and heroines when some of them are seen reflecting on happier moments in the past, a good example being the main character, Katniss. This essay will critically analyze the book, giving a breakdown of the main ideas found in each of the chapters. In the first chapter, the author introduces Katniss Everdeen, the narrator and the main character. The teenage girl sets out on a gathering and hunting expedition with her friend Gale as they await for the reaping in the afternoon. Katniss has been forced to take part in a fighting tournament against other teenagers. The government has forced children to fight each other to death on TV, the winner taking home prizes. The fights are usually broadcasted to the entire world. Katniss does not enjoy the fights, but she kills with a lot of professionalism and finesse, just to stay alive. From the story in the book, it can be analytically noted that the author has used Katniss to show a transformatio n from a difficult life to one where she experiences pleasure. Katniss lived a life that was full of poverty and suffering. Due to her efforts in hunting and gathering, she used her skills to later enjoy her life by experiencing pleasures which she never knew of before. These pleasures include pretty clothes, food and warmth. However, it is important to note that the author has not in any way depicted sexual pleasure. This shows that the book is very chaste and non-erotic, making it very appropriate for its target audience, young adults (Grossman 1). The story also focuses on the life of a teenage girl who gets stung to death by a mutant swarm of hornets. The author has used violence in a very hypnotic way, unlike other books on violence which tend to be very repellent. This is because violence has been used amidst a fairy tale, making the book very unique. The violence is not merely a cheap thrill. It is something deeper in the sense that the author condemns violence and the action s that take place in the arena but invites readers to enjoy the violence that has been narrated in the story (Sperling 1). ‘The Hunger Games’ exposes children readers to the violence against which society tries so hard to shield them. The author uses this strategy to show adults that they should not forget their experiences as children. They wanted to enjoy the same things against which they are shielding the children. The author supports the fact that children are not stupid, and they are physical creatures. This makes them aware of the fact that violence raw emotions, power and violence exist. The author is really saddened by the fact that adults choose to pretend that these things are not in existence and that children should not know about them (Grossman 1). The book is a bloody, horrifying and chilling one because of the violence depicted through the actions of the characters. The author shows a lot of bloodshed and ruthless killing, especially among children. The setting of ‘The Hunger Games’ is an unspecified time in the future, where such violence seems to be the order of the day (Grossman 1). This shows just how bad the author thinks things will be for humanity in the future. The world that the author has depicted is one whereby a ruling caste dominates the people. In the story, this ruling caste lives in a city known as Capitol (Sperling 1). The rest of the vulnerable population that is being dominated by

Business Aspects of Management Accounting Essay

Business Aspects of Management Accounting - Essay Example Thus the strategic management accounting techniques developed to provide business solutions and assist the management in taking strategic decisions. Cost management techques of SMA- ABC costing which focuses on the cost associated with activities which are the cause of indirect costs, their management so as to achieve competitive advantage, Life Cycle costing; This tries to trace the cost of a product from its inception, growth, maturity and delcline,thus give a broad long term view to the management from marketing perspective. Quality costing; the costs which arise due to quality control, quality failure prevention, quality achievement etc. These costs are considered essential these days as quality of a product sets the survival benchmark for any brand. Strategic Costing; the wholistic view of the band position and market pentration strategy is kept as the prime focus under this for competitive positioning and marketing. Target Costing; thorough analysis of how much profit can be supported by the market and refining the product design to ensure that the target profit is achieved. Thus external environment affects its outcome tr emendously. Value chain costing; The cost under this is supposed to include all activites from the design of the product to its distribution. It strategically considers companies likages with external entities ie. vendors and customers to bring in economies of scale resulting in greater efficiency. All these costing techniques help the management in its strategic decision making process be it for curtaing inefficienct activities or designing a product for specific target market. Performance Appraisal techniqes-Bench marking- this is a technique wherein best practices are identified and internal position is then evaluated against the idenfiied practices so as to bring about improvement in the processes and systems. This techniqe considers competitiors' practices and so is externally oriented. Integrated performance measurement- An integrated approach to performance appraisal which considers both financial and non financial measures. It is considered a balance approach and its role in strategic planning is important. Customer Accounting; this practice appraises cost, sales or profit by considering customer or customer segments as the base for accounting analysis. It is considered a relational marketing analysis tool. Competitor analysis- Competitive position monitoring; the monitoring is done by benchmarking various heads like, unit cost, market share, product mix and volume of competitors and plotting own data against it. These help in quick evaluation against main competitors and devise a game plan for future course of action. Competitor Cost Assessment; this is a variation of the earlier technique and focuses on cost patterns of competitors. The source of information is considered dubious like, ex-employees, common vendors or even close observation. Competitor Performance Appraisal based on public finacial statement; it is a fairly straight

Localisation the workplace in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Localisation the workplace in UAE - Essay Example In the later section of this paper, the case study of of Emiratization in practice is presented to identify the issues in the implementation of Emiratization (employing UAE nationals) programmes. The findings of the study demonstrate some of the complexities in implementing Emiratization. The complexities that were identified in implementing Emirazatization were management commitment, quantitative evaluation methods, resistance to change and the role of expatriates in implementing Emiratization programmes. The implication of the research also identified areas for future research. The areas were identified in the study that needs future research are; Political leaders in the Middle East knew that their dependence on expatriate workforce has has serious long-term political, economic and social consequences (Al-Lamki, 1998). Such, the region has implemented nationalization strategies to employ nationals(citizens) instead of foreigners/expatriates. This initiative has various names in the region such as Omanization, Saudization and Emiratization. These nationalization strategies attempts to integrate HRM policies and practices in the change management practices (going to nationalization from employing expatriates to a local national) (Mellahi and Wood, 2001).is a topic in HR literature which lacks research at present (Hallier, 1993; Palthe and Kosseck, 2003; Mendenhall et al., 2003; Ruona and Gibson, 2004; Sheehan, 2005). At the outset nationalization strategies seemed to be associated with globalization, economic growth and reform, and competitiveness (Al-Dosary, 2004; Looney, 2004; Mellahi and Wood, 2002). Thus, nationalization strategies is an international issue albeith Middle Eastern leaders have implemented nationalization policies that are specific to their own countries. This initiative however is not exclusive to Middle East. Similar parallel programs can be seen in countries such as Malaysia (Ahmad et al., 2003), Zimbabwe, South

Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds Movie Review

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Business Aspects of Management Accounting Essay

Business Aspects of Management Accounting - Essay Example Thus the strategic management accounting techniques developed to provide business solutions and assist the management in taking strategic decisions. Cost management techques of SMA- ABC costing which focuses on the cost associated with activities which are the cause of indirect costs, their management so as to achieve competitive advantage, Life Cycle costing; This tries to trace the cost of a product from its inception, growth, maturity and delcline,thus give a broad long term view to the management from marketing perspective. Quality costing; the costs which arise due to quality control, quality failure prevention, quality achievement etc. These costs are considered essential these days as quality of a product sets the survival benchmark for any brand. Strategic Costing; the wholistic view of the band position and market pentration strategy is kept as the prime focus under this for competitive positioning and marketing. Target Costing; thorough analysis of how much profit can be supported by the market and refining the product design to ensure that the target profit is achieved. Thus external environment affects its outcome tr emendously. Value chain costing; The cost under this is supposed to include all activites from the design of the product to its distribution. It strategically considers companies likages with external entities ie. vendors and customers to bring in economies of scale resulting in greater efficiency. All these costing techniques help the management in its strategic decision making process be it for curtaing inefficienct activities or designing a product for specific target market. Performance Appraisal techniqes-Bench marking- this is a technique wherein best practices are identified and internal position is then evaluated against the idenfiied practices so as to bring about improvement in the processes and systems. This techniqe considers competitiors' practices and so is externally oriented. Integrated performance measurement- An integrated approach to performance appraisal which considers both financial and non financial measures. It is considered a balance approach and its role in strategic planning is important. Customer Accounting; this practice appraises cost, sales or profit by considering customer or customer segments as the base for accounting analysis. It is considered a relational marketing analysis tool. Competitor analysis- Competitive position monitoring; the monitoring is done by benchmarking various heads like, unit cost, market share, product mix and volume of competitors and plotting own data against it. These help in quick evaluation against main competitors and devise a game plan for future course of action. Competitor Cost Assessment; this is a variation of the earlier technique and focuses on cost patterns of competitors. The source of information is considered dubious like, ex-employees, common vendors or even close observation. Competitor Performance Appraisal based on public finacial statement; it is a fairly straight

Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds Movie Review

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Effective Discipline Without Physical Punishment Essay Example for Free

Effective Discipline Without Physical Punishment Essay Contrary to what generations of parents have experienced in their own childhood, physical punishment is not an effective method to use when rearing children. Parents should become educated in other strategies that are non-physical and more effective in curbing misbehavior in children. Positive effective methods would include using timeouts, reasoning, logical consequences and reparation. In its most general sense, discipline refers to systematic instruction given to a disciple. To discipline means to instruct a person to follow a particular code of conduct, while the purpose of discipline is to develop and entrench desirable social habits in children. These habits are what will enable children to become productive members of society in adulthood. For children discipline is a set of rules, rewards and punishments to teach self-control. Punishments should never do physical, mental or emotional harm when dispensed. Kohn (2005) teaches us that when a major infraction occurs, parents should apply a consequence that has enough symbolic value that it convinces the child not to repeat the offense. Discipline is one of the most important elements in rearing children. The ultimate goal is to foster sound judgment and morals so the child will develop and maintain self-discipline throughout the rest of their life. Through proper discipline, children learn how to function in a family and society that is full of boundaries, rules, and laws by which we all must abide. Effective punishment can enable children to learn self-control and responsibility of their own behavior. Many experts, including The American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] (1998) believe that effective punishment consists of both punitive and non-punitive methods, but does not involve any forms of physical punishment. The punishment set forth by the parents should be effective enough that it reduces the need for more punishment, and decrease the repeat of the offense. An imperative key we learn from Ross (1993) is that the focus be on the misbehavior and not on the punishment. The punishment set forth by the parent or guardian should change the misbehavior in the child, thereby decreasing the chance of any repeats of he misbehavior. A second key from Ross (1993) informs us that parents should keep in mind that part of reprimanding for misbehaving is also reminding children of what is behaving correctly. For the child to learn right from wrong, they need to be informed of what is right. This follow through is as important as the punishment. Building a Foundation To build and maintain a foundation for discipline to become effective, parents will need an assortment of components. The AAP (1998) informs us that there are four key components needed that are essential. First needed is a loving and supportive relationship between the child and parent. Second is a positive proactive system to support desirable behaviors. Third, is a non-combative approach for dealing with the misbehavior. Last, is consistency, parents will need to be consistent in using disciplinary techniques on a regular basis. Should parents fail to discipline a misbehavior or fail to support a desirable behavior upon each occurrence, then the child can receive a mixed message on what is right or wrong. Each of these components relies on one another to become successful as a whole (AAP, 1998). Effective Discipline Methods  Respectful communication between the child and parent is another component. However, this behavior will need to be taught to children as explained by the AAP (1998). Parents can accomplish this by modeling respectful communication themselves. From a young age, the child will begin imitating those that are surrounding them. Thereby the parents modeling the behaviors they seek to have in their children, can accomplish two components in a single effort. In addition, when communicating parents should be specific with their child, rather it is praising for a desirable behavior or correcting a misbehavior. Essentially, parents need to give correction without direction. They should also avoid using abstract language; and state in age appropriate terms that the child will understand. This will avoid confusion on the child’s part on what behavior was incorrect and why it was. According to the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development [NICHD] (2001), for correction through discipline to have a lasting effect, it must have reforming value. Parents will need to be prepared to deal with each misbehavior in advance by having clear defined strategies of effective discipline to use. For success, it is imperative that each punishment given fit the misbehavior. Some of the most effective punishments are also the most time consuming for a parent. Keep in mind though the rewards are by far greater when seeing the child moving through each developmental stage with ease, largely due to the parents continued use of effective discipline. The most commonly used discipline method is isolation or more informally referred to as a time-out for toddler discipline. This consists of temporarily separating a child from an environment where the inappropriate behavior has occurred. The Nemours Foundation (2008a) explains that the theory behind a time-out is that children are frightened by their own lack of control thus leading to a tantrum. Moreover, when given the chance to regain self-control on their own in a quiet place free of distractions, learn to develop internal self-control. Again, follow through is needed, where the parent will explain what the misbehavior was to the child to increase the chances of fewer occurrences in the future. An infrequent punishment to be applied for a misbehavior would be depravation. To deprive or refuse a child a privilege has to equal the severity of the misbehavior. Moreover, children should learn that privileges come with responsibility and be earned. A privilege that is of value to the child, such as watching television or playing with friends, would be a privilege to remove. An example of a mismatch would be a depriving a toddler their favorite television program for a month for forgetting to pick up their toys. The infraction does not equal the punishment; the length of time is too long for the age of the child. An important point for parents to remember when using this method of discipline with very young children is that toddlers generally have very short memories as recommended by Ross (1993). So when a privilege is taken away from a child for two or three days the child may forget about the punishment the second day. Grounding is a form of punishment usually for older children and teenagers that restricts their movement inside and outside of the home. However, bear in mind that extended periods can backfire, causing the child to feel persecuted or picked on and starting a negative retaliation cycle. Many experts including author Kohn (2005) suggest compounding grounding with other alternatives that would allow them to earn a reduction in the grounding period. Likewise, depending upon the nfraction that occurred parents could also increase the severity of grounding by restricting the child from certain privileges in the home as well as outside of the home, like no television or phone calls. Another effective discipline tactic is reparation. Reparation is an active punishment, meaning the child will need to work off the infraction before allowed to do anything else. While working off the infraction the child will have time to reflect over the incident and the subsequent consequence. An example would be an extra chore not normally done by the child, like washing the windows versus picking up their room. Reparation also takes supervision from the parents, where deprivation does not. The Nemours Foundation (2008b) however believes that, of the two, reparation is the more effective of the two punishments. Another effective discipline for older children and teenagers would be the use of logical consequences. This provides opportunities that allow children to make decisions on their own, and incidentally learning to weigh the consequences of their actions. This discipline practice offers both a discipline for the misbehavior and a great building block for children, teaching them to think ahead of instant gratification. Using logical consequences does require some creativity, time and energy on the part of the parents. The net gain is worthwhile because it effectively teaches children lessons in behaving in socially acceptable ways and in becoming a mature, responsible adult. An example would be allowing the child to work off an infraction and because they have done such a good job without complaining, you have given them five dollars. Next, allow the child to make the decision either to use the money to pay off a previous debt to the next-door neighbor for having broken their window or to use it for ice cream later with their friends. When the child chooses to pay off the debt, the parent would give high praise and possibly an additional reward for making such a mature decision. Logical reasoning and positive reinforcement work very well together in producing the desirable results wanted in teenagers. NICHD (2001) points out that a child can learn, that mistakes are an inevitable part of life and that it is not so important that they made a mistake but that they take responsibility to correct the mistake (Nemours Foundation, 2008b; NICHD, 2001). Praise and intangible rewards are a great practice to use when rewarding desirable behavior. Positive reinforcement through praise is something children will receive not just from their parents but also from their teachers, friends and eventually their employer and co-workers. The NICHD (2001) emphasizes that children are more responsive to positive statements; however make sure your compliments are truthful. Children, like adults, will see through false flattery. Reinforcement should also be age-appropriate. Expecting a teenager to change their behavior by rewarding them with stickers is likely to be ineffective. The flip to positive reinforcement is satiation. Satiation is the term used to describe a situation of a reinforcement losing its effectiveness. For example, if a child is receiving sweets as reinforcement, it is likely that after an extended period of time they will tire of the candy thus losing effectiveness. Satiation can also occur if too much reinforcement is being used, as pointed out by the Nemours Foundation (2008b). An example would be, earning up to ten minutes of playtime a day might serve as reinforcement for a longer period of time, versus being given the opportunity to earn an hour of play time. Examples of positive reinforcement for younger children would be hugs, special time, unique privileges, etc. , for encouraging good behavior (Nemours Foundation, 2008b; NICHD, 2001). Corporal Punishment and the Negative Effects The most disconcerting form of punishment is physical punishment. Physical punishment has negative effects, both mentally and emotionally on every living being in this world. Moreover, when physical punishment is applied to children for a misbehavior it severs no reforming valve. A child’s mind will not understand the context to what is right or wrong. They will only know pain, fear, and the fear will grow and overshadow logical reasoning. When a parent strikes a child, they are communicating to the child that they are bigger, stronger and entitled to be violent. When the child grows up, they will feel that they are entitled to act the same way. Parents who use physical punishment as a method of correcting a misbehavior are instilling fear in the child vs. sense of right and wrong. Sanders, Cann and Markie-Dadds (2003) inform us that parents who are at risk of abusing their children are more likely to have unrealistic expectations of children’s capabilities. Physical punishment sends a mixed message to children and reinforces aggressive behavior. According to Vittrup and Holden (2006), when parents model aggressive behaviors by spanking, they reinforce the idea that physical aggression is the way to get what you want. Parents can break away from using physical punishment as a discipline method. It is possible for well-intentioned loving parents to get angry enough with their children to use physical punishment like spanking or slapping. However, this is a slippery slope for parents. Parents see the instant result when the child is three from a spank on the butt and will be quicker to use this method again to achieve the same results, as they grow older. Parents may only mean for the spanking to be a punishment, however many experts state that it is more accurately used as a means of releasing the parents own anger and frustration. Although these parents are well aware that the purpose of discipline is to teach, the danger of using physical punishment repeatedly and abusing the child becomes greater. The AAP (1998) maintains apart from suffering physical pain, the child will also feel as though there is something wrong with them (instead of something wrong with their behavior). This can create resentment, rejection and humiliated. All of which can lead to body and self-image issues in the child later in life. Any form of physical punishment is traumatic and parents should take heed before striking a child. According to the Severe (1996) as well as many other child development experts, physical punishment can provoke violent thoughts in a childs mind and possibly teach them that violence is an acceptable behavior in a relationship. Author Vittrup and Holden (2006) tells us that repetition of physical punishment can make the child immune against it and then it will not even work as a temporary correction method. The AAP (1998) points out that, discipline should be based on expectations that are appropriate for the age of the child, and it should be used to set reasonable, consistent limits while permitting choices among acceptable alternatives. Discipline teaches children moral and social standards. The APP (1998) contends discipline should also protect children from harm by teaching what is safe while guiding them to respect the rights and property of others. Although verbal explanations may help older children understand their punishment, reasoning is ineffective if children are incapable of understanding the explanation. According to Nemours Foundation (2009c), children younger than 18 months are typically unable to apply the context of the reasons for punishment, therefore their overwhelming desire to explore heir environment makes punishment less effective. In the moment of an incident and those immediately following, parents can feel a mix of emotions and they will need to separate their anger before they impose a punishment. The best advice from the Nemours Foundation ( 2009c) to a parent in the heat of the moment during an incident of misbehavior is for the parent to take time to cool down. Telling the child to go to their room will thereby give the parent time to calm down and rationally think over the incident before dispensing with a punishment. The parent can then avoid lashing out in anger or fear. When the parent is clam enough, they can then engage the child and talk over the incident, explaining the why of the misbehavior and what the child’s punishment will be. According to the Vittrup and Holden (2006) yelling, threatening, scolding, and spanking are not considered effective punishments. As these reactions release the parent’s anger, however they have little long-term effect on correcting the misbehavior, and are primarily a release valve for the parent’s frustration. Physical punishment is also a leading cause in the destruction of the trust bonds between parents and children. Some researchers, including authors Kohn (2005) and Severe (1996), have maintained that corporal punishment actually works against its objective (obedience); since children will not voluntarily obey an adult, they do not trust. Children subjected to physical punishment will grow resentful, shy, insecure and or violent. Once the bonds of trust are in question by the child, the entire foundation parents built to form effective discipline in children will be destroyed. Since the core of the foundation is a loving caring environment with trust, the child will feel incapable of trusting the parent in the future. Conclusion Parenting professionals and organizations including the NICHD (2001) are participating in an ongoing effort to change traditional parental use of physical punishment for a means of discipline to more effective non-physical methods. While a major purpose of discipline is to develop desirable social habits in children, the ultimate goal is to foster sound judgment and morals so children will develop and maintain self-discipline throughout the rest of their lives. Children raised in a way that stresses positive non-physical discipline will understand their own behavior better, show independence, and respect themselves and others. These children will then carry forward the non-violent methods of effective punishment onto their children and the cycle will keep repeating for future generations. In many cultures, parents have historically had the right to use physical punishment when appropriate in discipline. However, legislation in some countries has changed in recent years, particularly in continental Europe. Domestic corporal punishment has now, been outlawed in 25 countries around the world, beginning with Sweden in 1979. The United States is not one of these countries; however, through means of education we can evolve and join their ranks. To borrow from Ralph Waldo Emerson, an American Human Rights Activist, character is higher than intellect. It is the choices we make in the moment of the incident and those immediately following that determine our character and set an example for our children to follow.

Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay

Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay Seeing that the companys business strategies turn out to be more customers based with the modification and personalize overhaul, the (IT) information technology are make use of not only to provide services and products within and business, but also to supply end-users of the organizations items for consumption and services. Specially, the manipulation of IT adjoins as a new aspect to relationship marketing, recognized as Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and at its interior, is about obtaining customer, providing services, knowing them well, and looks forward to their needs (L.Ryals and A. Payne.2001). Conventional marketing concentrated on the four Ps (price, place, product and promotion) for escalating market share from side to side increase in the quantity of transactions among the buyers and sellers. Although customer relationship management converge on using strategies, tolls and technology for encouragement the relationship among the seller and customer focusing on increas ing sales profits, procedures, customer satisfaction and profitability. However, to answer the core question I will cover up the following steps: The Main CRM Systems Definition of CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Advantage and Disadvantages of CRM with example And Conclusion The Main CRM Systems: Finnegan, (2007) defined CRM system as A CRM system is an information system that is used to plan, schedule and control the presales and post-sales activities in an organizations. CRM comprise all part of dealing with existing and potential customers: Sales, marketing and service or technical support etc. sometimes its call back office and front office systems because they are the edge with the customer. CRM systems are self-possessed of analytical and operational parts. Operational CRM The bellow diagram (figure-1) are shown based on the three basic parts of the CRM which contains SFA (sales force automation) Sales CRM entail assessment about telephone sales, web sales, retail store sails, and field sales; CSS (customer service and support) Service CRM entail customer conventional applications related to call centre data, web self-service data, and wireless data; And EMA (enterprise marketing automation) marketing CRM involves campaign data, content data and data analysis. Definition of Customer Relationship Management (CRM): According to core requirement and as an essential component of CRM we should make clear about what dose digital firm mean is. Keneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon (2007) defined digital firm as A digital firm is one where nearly all of the organizations significant business relationships with customers, suppliers and employees are digitally enables. However it is an interior business procedure are achieved in the course of digital networks across the whole organization or connecting numerous organizations. There are many definitions of CRM have been explicated and illuminate by different authors in different perspective. Pancucci (2002) observes that there are a number of definitions of CRM, even taking the regulation into the sphere of social science where the psychology, behaviour patterns of group of people, and socio-economic status are seen as vital manipulation of buying determination. Some are shown bellow: Gronroos, (1999) defined CRM is a direct outgrowth of the marketing Concept: he explained as; CRM is a commitment to simultaneously boost customer satisfaction and shareholders value by providing consistent, seamless, high-quality experiences for valued customer. Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, (1991) defined CRM as it is the integration of customer service quality and marketing, which has as its concern the dual focus of getting and keeping customer. Strauss and Frost, (2001) defined CRM as it is a holistic process of identifying, attracting, differentiating and retaining customer. Grtner Group, (1999) CRM is a discipline a philosophy even that requires business to recognise and nurture their relationship with customers. With CRM, an individual customers needs and preferences are available to anyone in the business working at the customer interface, regardless of channel. Each customer is treated as an individual in a relationship that feels like one-to-one. However, idea behind the CRM is set up individual association with customers, pleasuring different customers in a different way based on the information acquired on their favourites, first choices, and spending blueprints; activates a business executes to identify, develop, acquire, and retain increasingly profitable and loyal customers by delivering the exact product or service, to the exact customers at the right time, through the precise channel, and the right cost in the store planning and supply chain roles through business procedure automation, technology solution and information possessions to make the most every customer contact. Advantages of Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Customer relationship management helps the business firms which have determined to implement CRM strategy can facilitate with numbers of following advantages: Build up customer retention and loyalty: Customer loyalty can be defined according to Mcllroy and Barnet (2000) as customers commitment to do business with a particular organisation, purchasing their goods and services repeatedly, and recommending the services and products to friends and associated. Therefore, the core benefits of the customer retention and loyalty are build up long term relationship and guide eventually to boost profits and sales, making intellect of belonging, in the opinion of Uncles (1994) according to consumer loyalty programmes apprehension is willing to innovate on behalf of customers, a feeling that the vendor is get ready to listen, is caring and concerned and consideration methods. The effect we can recognize as a retention and loyalty is an important aspect for customer relationship management; according to Byrom (2001) there are more than 150 loyalty schemes and approximately 40 million loyalty cards in the UK. For example Tesco loyalty Club-card, introduce 1995 was to offer as benefits to regular shoppers whilst helping the company discover more about its customer needs (Tesco, 2004). The achievement of Tesco Club-card had been successful and famous in the grocery world as Smith, (2004) according to Club-card achievement rating a third of UK homes use the program. Improved Customer acquisition Rates: Customer acquisition is an idiom used to explain the tactics and systems to manage customer viewpoint and inquiry typically allocate to the organizations to enumerate the effectiveness of consequence to choice of promotional activities through out the customer lifecycle. However, customer acquiring rate helps to the organizations with follow up customer relationship management (CRM) opportunity for cross-selling, repeat purchasing, up-selling and generating advanced revenue growth. For example Tesco Personal Finance (TPF) reached acquisition rates December 2008 for cash consideration of around 950m pound and acquire 6m Tesco Finance Customer accounts with successfully followed by customer relationship management. (Andrew Higginson, 2008) Improve Cross Selling and up-selling: Cross selling refers to selling things that are correlated or can be included with the items being sold. And up selling is the techniques of offering customers a product in supplement to the product are presently purchasing. For example if they sell digital mobile, it makes sense to propose linked products to their customer: more long life battery, cover, charger etc. or if they are up sell to their customer they can offer nearly anything in supplement to the items customers are previously paying attention. However, it is encourage to customer to come again in the store with buying intention to time, and enhance to making long term relationship as a part of customer relationship management activity. Boost the contract or Call centre effectiveness: Taylor and Bain (1999) has been defined call centre as it is a dedicated operation with employees focused entirely on customer service functions, employees are using telephone and computer simultaneously, and where call process controlled and processed by an automatic distribution system. There has been coherent recent expansion in call centre overhaul world-wide, with the call centre of the contemporary expected to advance into the customer admittance centre of the future, and providing a new economical basis for various organizations. The activity and effectiveness of a call centre are gaining customer orientation, service priority, growth of turnover, and contribute completely on the customer service function. For example UK largest mobile networking company o2 has given responsibly to maintain customer service activity through various call centres such as: Active Business Communication call centre, Active Digital call centre, Aerial call centre and so on(www.o2.co.uk [accessed-16/01/10]). And they are determined to give excellent customers feedback on-behalf of o2 mobile network to maintain good customer relation. However, customer relationship management has being bearing a great advantage for boost the contract or call centre effectiveness with the entrepreneur and standard customer service. Deliver a single, knowledgeable view of the customer: A stream advantages for a company bring out by following customer relationship management system are identifying and target the superlative customers and generation of eminence of excellence directed for the sales force, create management of sales and marketing crusades more effectual by setting precise goals, established characteristics relationships with the customers with the vision to make the most firms profits and progress customer satisfaction, Understanding the desires of employees and uphold a sound co-relationship with them. Disadvantages of Customer Relationship Management System (CRM): Not only CRM system has advantages so far it can be such a limitation as follows: High Software Cost: For the most part situation insist software support for customer relationship management matter but the cost of such software is usually elevated. For example Wendy Close, research director at Stamford, Conn.-based Garthner Inc., allocated the cost for most favourite SIEBAEL CRM software at $16000 to $25000 per user, a amount that includes software, training, services and hardware. However, this cost might not be affordable where fewer number of seats and not having frequently economies of scale convey the price down to $12000 for each user. (www.searchcrm.techtarget.com ) [Accessed-16/01/10] Handling Data: It is not easy to cope with ins and outs of data warehousing and data disfigurement technologies. It entails a lot of historical data to scrutiny analysis and study the tapping of information up-and-coming out of it. For example the article says on regard Tesco Data Swapping with Oil of Olay and raises a big question This is going to be big, and not just in fast moving consumer goods. Alan Mitchell (2002) Not Easy to Process: The assessment of CRM process and its functioning is not an easy mission. It requires multidimensional performance, and multifactor customer behaviour which are difficult to characterize. Even if they are described in some situation mostly score card or in metric format, which is often difficult to practise and understand them. A survey found that conducted by research and advisory firm Gartner (Zimmer, 2006) more than half of the organizations who have implemented the CRM have difficulties after implementation. According Pries, C. Stone, M. (2004) Aberdeen Group CRM Spending and Satisfaction report (February, 2003) identified that on a user ranged among of somehow satisfied and satisfied range from one (not satisfied) and to five (completely satisfied) which are depends on Area/ location. Approaches of past buying behaviour of consumer mightnt be same in the future too! : Majority of CRM move towards with collect data on the past purchasing behaviour of customer and undertaking it as the probable behaviour in further too. This could be an immoral supposition in a number of perspectives. Customer constrains keep on shifting and varies upon the criticality of the purpose and the level of disappointment with the existing alternatives. For example, an article report says Tesco broadband dissatisfaction rate due to poor customer service and experience 2009 churn rates of around 20% per annum. However the 20% are used to regular customer of Tesco. (www.phone-shop.tesco.com/latest-news) [Accessed-17/01/10] Conclusion: Nevertheless in the end of the report it is explicable that, In spite of that, the customer relationship management has become a maximum priority for numerous of companies. Bohling et al. (2006) comments on journal of CRM implementation as; in many competitive markets, business invest substantially in CRM implementation lately though, companies have become increasingly displeased with customer relationship management apply, as the majority of them are falling short of the expectations that precede them and are therefore considered failures. Conversely, though it has being first prioritized for many companies but not all companies are being success based on compare to advantage and disadvantages of customer relationship management in digital firms. Kumar and shah (2008) argued that CRM offers firm strategic benefits, such as greater customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Anders (1996) comments as it is a higher response cross-selling efforts and better word-of-mouth publicity. However, though some disadvantages and argument has been placed but it is should be remind that CRM assists a company concentrate on the customer as an assets side by side consumers are not forced to by necessity in the same organization. Many companies waste a lot of money obtain new customers and squander it by failing to acquire to know and comprehend their customer, retain and keep in handle with them. Therefore, Company should setup CRM system based on allow to customers to handle their relationship with multiple suppliers rather than the other way encompassing. Bibliography: L. Ryals, and A. Payne, (2001) Customer relationship management in financial services: towards information enabled relationship marketing, journal of strategic marketing, vol.9, pp. 4-27. Anderson, Eugene W. (1996) customer satisfaction and price tolerance, marketing letters, vol.7. 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